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The UK economy is made up (in
descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland. The British started the Industrial Revolution, and, like
most industrializing countries at the time, initially concentrated on heavy
industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and
textiles.
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The empire created an
overseas market for British products, allowing the United Kingdom to
dominate international trade in the 19th century.
However, as other nations industrialized,
coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom
began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by
degrees, throughout the 20th century. The British service sector,
however, has grown substantially, and now makes up about 73% of GDP.
London is a major centre for
international business and commerce and is the leader of the three
"command centres" for the global economy (along with New York City and
Tokyo). In recent years, the UK economy has been managed in accordance
with principles of market liberalization and low taxation and
regulation. |
The service sector of the
United Kingdom is dominated by financial services, especially in banking
and insurance. London is the world's largest financial centre with the
London Stock Exchange, the London International Financial Futures and
Options Exchange, and the Lloyd's of London insurance market all based in
the City of London. It has the largest concentration of foreign bank
branches in the world. In the past decade, a rival financial centre in
London has grown in the Docklands area, with HSBC and Barclays Bank
relocating their head offices there.
Many multinational companies
that are not primarily UK-based have chosen to site their European or
rest-of-world headquarters in London: an example is the US financial
services firm Citigroup. The Scottish capital, Edinburgh, has one of the
large financial centres of Europe.